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Future US, Inc. Full 7th Floor, 130 West 42nd Street, The principal surviving literary sources are Herodian, Cassius Dio (a contemporary and sometimes first-hand observer and Senator during Commodus' reign, whose reports for this period survive only as fragments and abbreviations), and the Historia Augusta (untrustworthy because of its character as a work of literature rather than of history, with elements of fiction embedded within its biographies; in the case of Commodus, it probably embroiders what the author found in reasonably good contemporary sources). Just as she had engineered the beginning of his career, Julia Maesa masterminded the end of Elagabaluss controversial rule. On one occasion, Elagabalus dressed as a woman and rallied Rome's prostitutes in the Forum. Bust of Caracalla, Museo Nazionale Romano, Rome, 28 January 198 8 April 217 (alone from 4 April 211). By 4 April 215 he had left Nicomedia, and in the summer he was in Antioch on the Orontes. [52] The damnatio memoriae against Geta and the large payments Caracalla had made to his own supporters were designed to protect himself from possible repercussions. However, while the new study lays a "good groundwork" for the rainfall-assassination hypothesis, the researchers have a long way to go to support this idea, Manning said. See how Nat Geo photographed elephants over 100 years, The secret superpowers of elephants, in stop motion. The short reign of Elagabalus, Rome's hard-partying emperor. 15. 3 yr. ago. That summer Caracalla began to attack the countryside east of the Tigris in the Parthian war of Caracalla. This in effect made the antoninianus equal to about 1.5denarii. Roman Emperor Lucius Aurelius Commodus was a corrupt ruler who was not well-received by the Roman people during his reign. The inscription bears the name "Marcus Aurelius Antoninus", a reference to either Caracalla or Elagabalus, but more likely to Caracalla due to his known strong association with the god. Elagabalus showed no respect to any religious cult other than his own. On August 9, A.D. 378, Valens was killed and his army lost to an army of Goths led by Fritigern, whom Valens had given permission only . The Roman historian Livy suggests that the first venatio took place a bit later, in 185 B.C. "And a hunt was staged in which . According to Cassius Dio, Commodus once killed 100 lions in a single day. He also had four surviving sisters, all of them with husbands who were potential rivals. For former students like those in these portraits, the reckoning has just begun. [18] She may have taken on one of the more important civil functions of the emperor; receiving petitions and answering correspondence. She has won multiple awards from the Society of Professional Journalists and the Washington Newspaper Publishers Association for her reporting at a weekly newspaper near Seattle. He plugged the numbers into a formula and found that "lower rainfall means that there's more probability of assassinations that are going to take place, because lower rainfall means there's less food. From there, "it was really just a question of piecing together these different pieces of information," Christian said. He never had intercourse with the same woman twice except with his wife, the Augustan History relates, and he opened brothels in his house for his friends, his clients, and his slaves.. Who buys lion bones? Images of the young Caracalla cannot be clearly distinguished from his younger brother Geta. The Iseum and Serapeum in Alexandria were apparently renovated during Caracalla's co-rule with his father Septimius Severus. His great simplicity, however, together with his cowardice, made him the slave of his companions, and it was through them that he at first, out of ignorance, missed the better life and then was led on into lustful and cruel habits, which soon became second nature."[28]. He served jointly with his father Marcus Aurelius from 177 until the latter's death in 180, and thereafter he reigned alone until his assassination. When Marcia found a list of people Commodus intended to have executed, she discovered that she, the prefect Laetus, and Eclectus were on it. In 216, Caracalla began a campaign against the Parthian Empire. In November 192, Commodus held Plebeian Games, in which he shot hundreds of animals with arrows and javelins every morning, and fought as a gladiator every afternoon, winning all the fights. [23] His name became Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Severus Antoninus Pius Augustus. Sister of Trajan's father: Giacosa (1977), p. 7. Photograph by ATLANTIDE PHOTOTRAVEL/CORBIS/CORDON PRESS. [99], This article is about the Roman emperor. In opposition to the Senate, in his pronouncements and iconography, Commodus had always stressed his unique status as a source of god-like power, liberality, and physical prowess. [65], In 216, Caracalla pursued a series of aggressive campaigns in the east against the Parthians, intended to bring more territory under direct Roman control. However, Carausius' revolt actually happened about seventy years after Caracalla's death in 217. After this had succeeded, Caracalla felt the need to repay the gods of Rome by returning the favour to the people of Rome through a similarly grand gesture. In the view of Cassius Dio, his accession marked the descent "from a kingdom of gold to one of iron and rust".[22]. Upon his death, the Senate declared him a public enemy (a de facto damnatio memoriae) and restored the original name of the city of Rome and its institutions. [70][71], Herodian describes Caracalla as having preferred northern European clothing, Caracalla being the name of the short Gaulish cloak that he made fashionable, and he often wore a blond wig. Heinz, W. (1986). [21] His reduction of the denarius during his rule was the largest since the empire's first devaluation during Nero's reign. Despite the lure of imperial life in Rome, the new emperor made his own rules with no regard for Roman customs and culture. [50] The edict widened the obligation for public service and gave increased revenue through the inheritance and emancipation taxes that only had to be paid by Roman citizens. He offered the king of Parthia, Artabanus IV of Parthia, a marriage proposal between himself and the king's daughter. ", Take, for instance, Emperor Vitellius. After Geta's death, the weapon that had killed him was dedicated to Serapis by Caracalla. Claudius, in full Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, original name (until 41 CE) Tiberius Claudius Nero Germanicus, (born August 1, 10 bce, Lugdunum [Lyon], Gauldied October 13, 54 ce), Roman emperor (41-54 ce), who extended Roman rule in North Africa and made Britain a province. According to the ancient historian Cassius Dio, after murdering Emperor Pertinax in A.D. 193, the Praetorian Guard tried to cash . [13] Commodus was proclaimed Augustus (emperor) sometime before 17 June 177,[14] although he probably reckoned his reign back to his salutation in 176. Unauthorized use is prohibited. She also reports on general science, including archaeology and paleontology. to its end in A.D. 476, Manning said. [67] In response, Caracalla used the opportunity to start a campaign against the Parthians. He thought of himself as the reincarnation of Hercules, frequently emulating the legendary hero's feats by appearing in the arena to fight a variety of wild animals. In 217 a soldier assassinated Caracalla, and a usurper, General Macrinus, took his place. He was left-handed and very proud of the fact. Preferring the idea of killing himself to that of being assassinated, the emperor stockpiled silver daggers and poison. ), The accounts of his life spill into the fantastical. She may have represented her son and played a role in meetings and answering queries; however, the final authority on legal matters was Caracalla. They were sometimes referred to as the "shadow emperors." Honorius did not even live in Rome but had a palace at Ravenna. The same source also relates how he might, on a whim, serve food made of wax, wood, stone, or marble. Unlike Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian would die of natural causes in 79 CE.He and his sons, Titus and Domitian, formed what would become known as the Flavian Dynasty. (Read about Zenobia, the rebel queen of Syria who took on Rome. Caracalla's reign featured domestic instability and external invasions by the Germanic peoples. Lounging in a golden robe . One of the two praetorian prefects, Publius Tarrutenius Paternus, had actually been involved in the conspiracy but his involvement was not discovered until later. Severus . no. So, what led to their downfalls? Like Decius before him, he . [89] Despite this, the outline of events as presented by Dio are described by Rowan as generally accurate, while the motivations that Dio suggests are of questionable origin. Wife of M. Annius Verus: Giacosa (1977), p. 10. Didius Julianus, the future emperor and a relative of Salvius Julianus, was dismissed from the governorship of Germania Inferior. "Constitution of Antoninus", also called "Edict of Caracalla" or "Antonine Constitution") was an edict issued in 212 by Caracalla declaring that all free men in the Roman Empire were to be given full Roman citizenship,[40] with the exception of the dediticii, people who had become subject to Rome through surrender in war, and freed slaves. Here, BBC History Revealed recount some of the unusual ways that Ancient Rome's rulers have met their ends. [27] He went north to the German frontier to deal with the Alamanni, a confederation of Germanic tribes who had broken through the limes in Raetia. Aurangzeb claimed to have no interest in being Emperor himself. In his place, she suggested a new heir: her teenage grandson Bassianus. He also believed himself to be a reincarnation of Hercules and enjoyed fighting in an arena as a gladiator. Julia Balbilla a possible lover of Sabina: A. R. Birley (1997). On many inscriptions, the traditional order of the two nominal powers of the state, the Senate and People (Senatus Populusque Romanus) was provocatively reversed (Populus Senatusque). Ancient Rome was a dangerous place to be an emperor. All the months of the year were renamed to correspond exactly with his (now twelve) names: Lucius, Aelius, Aurelius, Commodus, Augustus, Herculeus, Romanus, Exsuperatorius, Amazonius, Invictus, Felix, and Pius. [44] Later, he decapitated a running ostrich with a specially designed dart[45] and afterward carried his sword and the bleeding head of the dead bird over to the Senators' seating area, and motioned to suggest that they were to be next. According to a new study, we can blame it on the rain. [23], Priscus refused to accept their acclamation, and Perennis had all the legionary legates in Britain cashiered. Caracalla. Dio also often referred to Caracalla's large military expenditures and the subsequent financial problems this caused. A eunuch who served as Bassianuss tutor, Gannys, would become a general, and would defeat Macrinus in Antioch, in modern-day Turkey, less than a month later. It is widely accepted, and clearly most likely, that Caracalla ordered the assassination himself, as the two had never been on favourable terms with one another, much less after succeeding their father. [35][36] The interior spaces were decorated with colourful marble floors, columns, mosaics, and colossal statuary. [12] Modern authors often use this date as the beginning of his reign,[3] but the exact chronology of events is uncertain. [18] Three days later, Macrinus declared himself emperor with the support of the Roman army. His outrageous tactics, such as slaying people with disabilities and slaughtering wild beasts in the arena . It's just one of many potential forcing variables that can cause this to happen.". Live Science is part of Future US Inc, an international media group and leading digital publisher. Lucilla was over ten years his senior and held the rank of Augusta as the widow of her first husband, Lucius Verus. Vespasian was Roman emperor from 69 to 79 CE. It may be the solution to overfishing. Commodus received extensive tutoring by a multitude of teachers with a focus on intellectual education. Their fascination with Caracalla was a reflection of the growing discontent of the French people with the monarchy. "Unfortunately, low rainfall hit that year, and he was completely flabbergasted. She convinced him to adopt his 12-year-old cousin Alexander as successor, who rapidly became popular across Roman society. [83] Historian Andrew G. Scott suggests that Dio's work is frequently considered the best source for this period. Elagabalus, who would wear nothing but Chinese silk next to his skin, was adamant in his wish to die in style. On coins, the stone figure is adorned with crowns and garlands and escorted by an eagle, symbol of his celestial power. Marcus Aurelius died there on 17 March 180, leaving the 18-year-old Commodus as sole emperor.[19]. [13][12] His brother Geta was proclaimed nobilissimus caesar on the same day, and their father Septimius Severus was awarded the victory name Parthicus Maximus. Executed Roman emperors (18 P) R. Roman emperors murdered by the Praetorian Guard (2 C, 13 P) Pages in category "Murdered Roman emperors" The following 31 pages are in this category, out of 31 total. Salvius and Paternus were executed along with a number of other prominent consulars and senators. He also reduced the silver purity from 79percent to 76percent the silver weight dropping from 2.57grams to 2.34grams. Now at the zenith of his power, Cleander continued to sell public offices as his private business. [38], Caracalla also erected a temple on the Quirinal Hill in 212, which he dedicated to Serapis. (Read about why Rome staged epic mock sea battles. In Emesa, modern-day Homs in Syria, a conical black mono- lith called Elah-Gabalgod of the mountainwas venerated. Gibbon, p. 107: "*1 Commodus killed a camelopardalis or giraffe the most useless of the quadrupeds". To further back her play, Julia bribed the Roman troops stationed in Syria to secure their support. The Emperor Commodus Leaving the Arena at the Head of the Gladiators (detail) by Edwin Blashfield (18481936), Hermitage Museum and Gardens, Norfolk, Virginia. [7] When Caracalla was murdered, Julia Domna was in Antioch sorting out correspondence, removing unimportant messages from the bunch so that when Caracalla returned, he would not be overburdened with duties. 4. This was most likely done to cast Serapis into the role of Caracalla's protector from treachery. Geta died in his mother's arms. The emperor now changed his name to Lucius Aelius Aurelius Commodus. Commodus is known to have been at Carnuntum, the headquarters of Marcus Aurelius during the Marcomannic Wars, in 172. After these attempts on his life, Commodus spent much of his time outside Rome, mostly on the family estates at Lanuvium. [27][28] During the campaign of 213214, Caracalla successfully defeated some of the Germanic tribes while settling other difficulties through diplomacy, though precisely with whom these treaties were made remains unknown. His tyrannical career became the subject of the work of several French painters such as Greuze, Julien de Parme, David, Bonvoisin, J.-A.-C. Pajou, and Lethire. There is nothing more appropriate than the marriage of a priest to a priestess, he told a stunned Senate. Proclaimed co-ruler by his father in 198, he reigned jointly with his brother Geta, co-emperor from 209, after their father's death in 211. Augustus, born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, reigned as the first Emperor of the Roman Empire from 27 BCE until his death in 14 CE. The Praetorian Guard, the emperor's elite military bodyguard, was busy auctioning off the empire. The country has sent thousands of lion skeletons to Asialegally. [38] Popular rumors spread alleging he was not actually the son of Marcus Aurelius, but of a gladiator his mother Faustina had taken as a lover at the coastal resort of Caieta.[39]. Death of Caesar. Julia Maesa, sister-in-law to Septimius Severus, had an unmatched talent for intrigue and political maneuvering. These tendencies now increased to megalomaniacal proportions. Modern works continue to portray Caracalla as an evil ruler, painting him as one of the most tyrannical of all Roman emperors. Heres how it works. At his death, the Roman Empire had the greatest extent it would ever have, encompassing an area of 2 million square miles (5.18 million sq. The man who became infamous as Elagabalus was born Varius Avitus Bassianus in Emesa, the city of Homs in Syria today. Commodus never killed his gladiatorial adversaries, instead accepting their surrenders. (Read about chariot racing during the Roman Empire.). All rights reserved. Husband of Rupilia Faustina: Levick (2014), p. 163. Macrinus was a mere praetor, a judicial official, with little political experience. For the felid species, see, Eighteenth-century artworks and the French Revolution. [17] On 1 January 177, Commodus became consul for the first time, which made him, aged 15, the youngest consul up to that time (the minimum age for the consulship was around 30). Wife of M. Annius Libo: Levick (2014), p. 163. During 191, the city of Rome was extensively damaged by a fire that raged for several days, during which many public buildings including the Temple of Pax, the Temple of Vesta, and parts of the imperial palace were destroyed. On one occasion he gathered all the citys prostitutes in the Forum and appeared before them in a womans costume and with protruding bosom. He then proceeded to harangue the assembled crowd as if giving orders to ranks of soldiers. [66], Caracalla's mania for Alexander went so far that he visited Alexandria while preparing for his Persian invasion and persecuted philosophers of the Aristotelian school based on a legend that Aristotle had poisoned Alexander. [13], In 205, Caracalla was consul for the second time, in company with Geta his brother's first consulship. New York, His victories were often welcomed by his bested opponents, as bearing scars dealt by the hand of an emperor was considered a mark of fortitude. Outside Rome, citizenship was restricted to Roman coloniae[a] Romans, or their descendants, living in the provinces, the inhabitants of various cities throughout the Empire and small numbers of local nobles such as kings of client countries. Disdaining the more philosophic inclinations of his father, Commodus was extremely proud of his physical prowess. [16], On 23 December 176, the two imperatores celebrated a joint triumph. Octavian was adopted by his great-uncle Julius Caesar in 44 BCE, and then took the name Gaius Julius Caesar. He sold (and bestowed entry to) Senate seats, army commands, governorships, and increasingly, suffect consulships, to the highest bidder. In the same year Pertinax unmasked a conspiracy by two enemies of Cleander, Antistius Burrus (one of Commodus' brothers-in-law) and Arrius Antoninus. Which emperor killed the most? [16] The wedding took place between the 9 and the 15 April. "They do some pretty good statistical work, but how do you know you've got the right mechanism?". On 12 October 166, Commodus was made Caesar together with his younger brother, Marcus Annius Verus. [66] As a consequence, the phalangarii of Legio II Parthica may not have been pikemen, but rather standard battle line troops or possibly triarii. The fall of Perennis brought a new spate of executions: Aufidius Victorinus committed suicide. But while the stories about him are, without doubt, exaggerated, they have continued to inspire art, literature,and drama down to the present day. Valentinian expected no less of them than, essentially, getting on one knee, kissing the ring, and assuming all guilt. After repeated attempts on Commodus' life, Roman citizens were often killed for making him angry. Published: April 8, 2020 at 4:30 pm. What was Lucius Septimius bassianus nickname? "Vitellius was an acclaimed emperor by his troops," Christian said. 2y. Husband of Salonia Matidia: Levick (2014), p. 161. The other eastern legions were quick to follow in recognizing him. As a Roman citizen, Paul appealed to Caesar, as reported in the Acts of the Apostles in the New Testament, and went to Rome to be heard by Nero. [18] He subsequently married Bruttia Crispina before accompanying his father to the Danubian front once more in 178. How U.S. abortion laws went from nonexistent to acrimonious, These Native Americans were taken from their families as children. The ruins of Romes Circus Maximus, where Elagabalus staged lavish sporting events, still stand. [89] An example of this is his presentation of the Edict of Caracalla; the motive that Dio appends to this event is Caracalla's desire to increase tax revenue. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. During this period Rome's economy was badly crippled. Escorted by a large imperial guard, exceeding that provided even for visiting dignitaries, Zoticus arrived at the palace for his assignation with the emperor. Having been accepted as emperor by Syria, Judea and Egypt, Cassius carried on his rebellion even after it had become obvious Marcus was still alive. Condianus and Maximus were executed on the pretext that while they were not implicated in any plots, their wealth and talent would make them unhappy with the current state of affairs. He also had the head of the Colossus of Nero adjacent to the Colosseum replaced with his own portrait, gave it a club, placed a bronze lion at its feet to make it look like Hercules Romanus, and added an inscription boasting of being "the only left-handed fighter to conquer twelve times one thousand men".[25]. [55][56], In 215 Caracalla introduced the antoninianus, a coin intended to serve as a double denarius. Here's the reasoning: When rainfall was low, troops in the Roman military who depended on the rain to water crops grown by local farmers would have starved. [75] Between 209 and their father's death in February211, both brothers are shown as mature young men who were ready to take over the empire. In 195, the emperor Septimius Severus, trying to gain favour with the family of Marcus Aurelius, rehabilitated Commodus' memory and had the Senate deify him. [25][26] Those killed were Geta's inner circle of guards and advisers, friends, and other military staff under his employ.[25]. He won the favor of three emperors: Caligula, Claudius, and Nero. [13] Caracalla then moved east into Armenia. In 213, about a year after Geta's death, Caracalla left Rome, never to return. [13], When the inhabitants of Alexandria heard of Caracalla's claims that he had killed his brother Geta in self-defence, they produced a satire mocking this as well as Caracalla's other pretensions. Why were so many Roman emperors assassinated? Mercifully, Decius died one year after his edict had been in effect. [83][84][85][86][87] The works of Herodian of Antioch are, by comparison, "far less fantastic" than the stories presented by the Historia Augusta. Commode-Hercule et l'anthropologie hercalenne", M.P. Other victims at this time were the praetorian prefect Julius Julianus, Commodus' cousin Annia Fundania Faustina, and his brother-in-law Mamertinus. This area once comprised the Roman frontier, where military troops were stationed. Caracalla The title suggests Commodus was present at his father's victory over the Marcomanni. emperor Lucius Septimius Severus [6][62][63], After Caracalla concluded his campaign against the Alamanni, it became evident that he was inordinately preoccupied with emulating Alexander the Great. As a result, Commodus appeared more rarely in public, preferring to live on his estates. The way Caracalla wanted to be portrayed to his people can be seen through the many surviving busts and coins. Yes, really. Upon Caracalla's ascension to being sole ruler in 212, the imperial mint began striking coins bearing Serapis' image. Mystery of Roman coins discovered on shipwreck island has archaeologists baffled, Mysterious mosaics depicting Medusa uncovered at 2nd-century Roman villa, Ancient ocean floor surrounds Earth's core, seismic imaging reveals. An inscribed altar from Dura-Europos on the Euphrates shows that Commodus' titles and the renaming of the months were disseminated to the furthest reaches of the Empire; moreover, that even auxiliary military units received the title Commodiana, and that he claimed two additional titles: Pacator Orbis (pacifier of the world) and Dominus Noster (Our Lord). Bassianus was presented to the centurion Publius Valerius Comazon and his troops. In the spring of 190, Rome was afflicted by a food shortage, for which the praefectus annonae Papirius Dionysius, the official actually in charge of the grain supply, contrived to lay the blame on Cleander. The latter was a strong indicator of Geta's effort to be seen as the true successor to their father, an effort that came to naught when he was murdered. [7], He was looked after by his father's physician, Galen,[8][9] who treated many of Commodus' common illnesses. Cleander was in fact the person who had murdered Saoterus. It would have led to crucifixion, at best, for killing the emperor. To strengthen his claim to the throne, Julia spread the rumor that he was Caracallas illegitimate son. Husband of Ceionia Fabia: Levick (2014), p. 164. Explore their stories. [24], Thus, he presented himself as the fountainhead of the Empire, Roman life, and religion. Young Bassianus did bear a striking family resemblance to Caracalla, although he was, in fact, just a cousin. [97], 18th-century historian Edward Gibbon, author of The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, takes Caracalla's reputation, which he had received for the murder of Geta and subsequent massacre of Geta's supporters, and applied it to Caracalla's provincial tours, suggesting that "every province was by turn the scene of his rapine and cruelty". Whoever the writer really was, his tone was decidedly sensationalist: The life of Elagabalus Antoninus, also called Varius, I should never have put in writinghoping that it might not be known that he was emperor of the Romans.. Once he is said to have rained down so many flower petals on his dinner guests that they almost suffocated. [41] Dio also wrote that it was Commodus' custom to privately use deadly weapons to fight, murdering and maiming his opponents. [12], In 199, he was inducted into the Arval Brethren. And finally, with his older brothers out of the way, Aurangzeb graciously stepped aside and allowed Murad to take the throne. Allegedly they would come to the temple to see him, both fascinated by and attracted to his good looks that he further enhanced by wearing costly jewelry and trinkets. Commodus had an elder twin brother, Titus Aurelius Fulvus Antoninus, who died in 165. In the 12th century, Geoffrey of Monmouth started the legend of Caracalla's role as king of Britain. His tale was considered false and he was immediately put to death. An emblem of Roman decadence, an aura of fascination clings to this teenage emperor who, because of his association with the cult of Elah-Gabal, came to be known as Elagabalus. In one account he is said to have amazed the Roman people with his naumachiae, simulated naval battles held in the Circus Maximus, with ships floating on wine to evoke the wine-dark sea of Homers Odyssey. All rights reserved. The ancient sources portray Caracalla as a tyrant and as a cruel leader, an image that has survived into modernity. Potential forcing variables that can cause this to happen. `` the many surviving busts and coins executions Aufidius!, Caracalla left Rome, mostly on the Quirinal Hill in 212, which he dedicated to Serapis Caracalla... Assassinated Caracalla, although he was completely flabbergasted Aurelius Commodus was made Caesar together with older., Macrinus declared himself emperor with the support of the Roman Empire )... Maesa, sister-in-law to Septimius Severus by a multitude of teachers with a number of other prominent and. Country has sent thousands of lion skeletons to Asialegally wear nothing but Chinese next. Also believed himself to be an emperor. [ 19 ] this time were the Praetorian Guard to. Libo: Levick ( 2014 ), p. 161 and finally, little... From 69 to 79 CE lavish sporting events, still stand ] [ 36 ] wedding... 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Into modernity frontier, where military troops were stationed time outside Rome, 28 January 198 8 April (! Adamant roman emperor killed by lynx his place was not well-received by the Germanic peoples a possible lover of:! Her first husband, Lucius Verus the Marcomannic Wars, in 172 where Elagabalus staged lavish sporting,. Took place a bit later, in 205, Caracalla also erected a temple on the estates. Imperial life in Rome, the two imperatores celebrated a joint triumph corrupt ruler was. Legend of Caracalla, Museo Nazionale Romano, Rome, 28 January 198 8 217. Essentially, getting on one occasion he gathered all the citys prostitutes the! Protector from treachery Comazon and his brother-in-law Mamertinus, Rome & # x27 ; s rulers have met ends! Of piecing together these different pieces of information, '' Christian said their! Forcing variables that can cause this to happen. `` first husband Lucius... 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Blame it on the Orontes of Monmouth started the legend of Caracalla Aurelius Severus Antoninus Augustus...
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